Boorowa mineral boom 1851-1951

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Frogmore Copper Mine near Burrowa, Illustrated Sydney News, 1878.

1. Introduction

Boorowa / Burrowa is a town in southwestern New South Wales, Australia. It is located east of Young, west of Crookwell and Goulburn, north of Yass and south of Wyangala. Primarily known for farming (wheat and canola) and grazing (cattle and sheep), its historical association with the industrial extraction of metals and minerals is little appreciated, though such activities date from the late 1840s and the gold rushes of the 1850s. It is largely flat-lying land with a range of hills on the eastern side. It is this latter area of geological faults and igneous intrusions which is the richest in the aforementioned economic minerals.

Boorowa region, New South Wales. Source: Google Maps.

The following article provides an outline of some of the mining and refining which has taken place over the years since the gold rushes and through to the 1950s. The following metals and minerals have been successfully mined in the area, with the presence of rare earth minerals noted. By 1948, for example, the wolfram site at Frogmore was recognised as the richest deposit in the world. The majority of the mined ores and minerals have been refined through smelting and other extractive processes, whilst some have also been secured alluvially, including gold and diamonds. They are listed below chronologically according to point of discovery or initial mining:

• Copper 1847+
• Gold 1851+
• Silver 1859+
• Lead 1859+
• Cobalt 1888+
• Zinc 1909+
• Wolfram 1911+
• Diamonds 1923+
• Rubies 1923+
• Sapphires 1923+
• Bismuth 1926+
• Tungstan 1926+
• Scheelite 1927+
• Tin 1932+

As can be seen from the following geological stratigraphic table, the area contains rocks extending from the Ordovician, across the Silurian and Devonian, and into the more recent Cainozoic period, with numerous Siluro-Devonian granitoid and volcanic intrusions into older Silurian and early Devonian sediments. This complex geology has result in a rich mix of rocks and minerals, many of which are of economic value.

Extract from Boorowa 1:100,000 Geological sheet, Geological Survey of NSW, 2013.

The following locations are mentioned in connection with the discovery of minerals and mining in the Boorowa region. They can be physical locations such as towns, creeks, rivers, etc., or property names, with the latter identified in italics.

• Abercrombie River
• Anns Vale
• Bevendale
• Bidgemuninga
• Binalong
• Blackney Creek
• Boorowa / Boorowa River
• Breakfast Creek
• Castlesteads
• Cullinga
• Demondrille
• Everton
• Frogmore / Frogmore Estate
• Goba Creek
• Illalong Creek
• Illyria
• Jack Fagan's Island
• Kangaroo Reef
• Kangiara
• Kiowarrahrp
• Lachlan River
• Lambing Flat
• Langs Creek
• Lost River
• Mount Charlsted
• Mount Merton
• Mylora
• Numby
• Phoenix Wolfram Mines Limited
• Pudman Creek
• Reids Flat
• Rye Park
• Tuena
• Wheeo
• White Rock Creek
• Wyangala

Mining companies operating in the region included the following, with variant names also listed:

• Australian Copper Mines / Australian Mining Company
• Bell View Mine
• Burrowa Copper, Silver and Slate Mining Company
• Conjurer Mine
• Cullinga Gold Mining Company
• English and Australian Smelting Company
• Frogmore Copper Mines
• Glenavon Mine
• Great Walla Walla (Wallah Wallah) Silver Mine Company
• Kangiara Big Mine
• Kangiara South Mine
• Lang’s Creek Mine
• Markes Wolfram Ltd.
• Mount Charlsted Mine
• Mount Kenyu
• Pyrites Limited
• Right Hand Creek Mine
• Rye Park Scheelite Ltd.
• Scheelite No Liabilities
• Southern Copper Mines / Southern Mining Company
• Walla Walla (Wallah Wallah) Copper Mine / Walla Walla Copper Mine Joint Stock Company
• Xmas Gift Mine
• Yando Copper Mines Company
• Yassmine Minerals Exploration Pty. Ltd.

The mindat.org site contains an array of geological information pertaining to sites in the Boorowa region, including lists of ores and minerals. Specific locations can be found in the reference list below, though not all known sites from the area have been identified.

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2. Chronology

The following information is substantially taken from chapter 12 of Helen V. Lloyd's Boorowa (1990, 247-53). Unfortunately there are no precise references contained therein apart from the included text. Ruth Longdin's Thematic History of Boorowa (2015, 56-59) includes a section on Mining, though it is largely a summary of Lloyd's text. More detailed information is available through academic and scientific studies, and the ongoing work of the Geological Survey of New South Wales.

- Preliminary investigations

1847

* 29 May 1847, Mining, Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer.

MINING

We understand that Mr. Jobbins, of Nannymer, near Yass, has been the fortunate purchaser, at the last Government land sale, of a section near Barber's Creek, Burrowa, in the Yass district, upon which splendid lead and copper lodes have been discovered; a sample of the ore has been already tested, and yields a considerable quantity of pure metal. We wish the lucky speculator every success. He has engaged several miners, and it is expected, as Mr. J. intends working the mine on his own account, that the discovery will give a vast quantity of employment to numerous hands.

1848

* 18 October 1848, New Mine, The Maitland Mercury.

NEW MINE

We believe that a copper mine has been discovered at the Burrowa, on the estate of Mrs. Campbell, which, from what we learn, is likely to turn out equal to that of the famous Burra Burra. The ground was no sooner broken than copper was turned up; after digging about two feet the lode was found eight inches thick, and, by the latest accounts, by digging at a depth of six feet, the lode enlarged into two feet six inches in thickness; the surface one has given twenty-eight per cent, of copper. Goulburn correspondent of the Herald.

1849

* 16 October 1849, Mineralogical examination of a specimen received from Thos. Walker Esq., Sydney Morning Herald. Description of copper ore from Burrowa, examined during this period by an anonymous Herald correspondent along with a number of other specimens.

Mineralogical examination of a specimen received from Thos. Walker Esq.

External aspect heterogeneous, the specimen being composed of several distinct minerals, among which are three with metallic lustre, and at least three without. Those with metallic lustre consist, one of a golden yellow colour and two of a lead grey ; those without metallic lustre consist of one mineral having a dark grey exterior ; another, a light green ; and a third, a yellowish white, sometimes reddish white. Beside these, rounded grains of quartz are noticed in, and also a red ferruginous coating on, some portions of the specimen. I shall now proceed with the individual description of the six minerals particularly referred to above, commencing with that of a golden colour.

To a person unaccustomed to mineralogical investigations this mineral might readily be mistaken for native gold, and even the eye of an experienced one might be deceived if he trusted to it alone without experiment. With experiment, however, it is soon perceived that it was 18 the malleability and flexibility of the nobler mineral that it is soluble in nitric acid, which the other is not and that the solution imparts a green colour to the flame of a candle and a coating of copper to polished steel immersed in it further, that it fuses into a brittle black globule, which is magnetic. These characters combined show that the mineral is copper pyrites (sulphuret of copper). It is very partially intermixed with the other minerals.

The mineral substance in this aggregate, which will next engage my attention, is one of a grey colour and splendent metallic lustre ; this occurs veining the specimen, and forming small nuclei in it, having a brittle crystalline familiar structure. I cannot distinctly make out the form of crystallization these laminae favour, but I think is the cube and octohedron ; nor are some of its other characters readily taken, on account of the small quantity of the mineral which can be obtained, as for in stance, the specific gravity ; but those which can be ascertained, in addition to what has been described, are sufficient, I think, to identify this mineral as sulphuret of lead, times it has about the hardness of that mineral, and fuses like it easily, with the extrication of the odour of sulphur, into a grey malleable globule which maybe entirely volatilised if the heat be continued, the charcoal becoming covered with a greyish white and greenish blue investiture. In nitric acid this mineral in powder immediately parts with its sulphur, which floats on the surface as a greenish yellow magsman, and the rest is dissolved, I now proceed to the examination of the third mineral in the specimen, which has been described as having a metallic lustre, and as this has given me considerable trouble to identify, without affording me the satisfaction of being assured that I have done so correctly, I shall give its characters seriatim.

1. External aspect somewhat resembling that of galena (sulphuret of lead but it has not its high metallic lustre. Colour, lead grey or steel grey.

2. It appears to possess a familiar structure, but the laminae are so coherent that fracture is more readily effected across them than in their direction, and is uneven.

3. It is opaque.

4. It yields to the knife readily a grey (sometimes a somewhat shining metallic) streak, and it will not scratch glass. Its powder is also dark grey, not black.

6. Specific gravity not taken precisely, be cause it is not possible to obtain a fragment of sufficient size free from admixture. A piece, the most so to be obtained gave 38, and I conceive in consequence that it cannot exceed 4-0.

6. In the open tube, over the blowpipe flame, when well heated, it gives off a vapour which reddens moistened blue litmus paper, but has very little odour.

7. Before the blowpipe on charcoal it does not at first fuse, but gradually roasts away in part, depositing on the charcoal dense white and yellow coatings, after which points of fusion appear upon urging the heat, which ultimately be comes general to the assay, and which passes s into either a gaping or rounded scoria, dark, brittle, and magnetic ; this scoria, treated with nitric acid, causes the latter to exhibit reactions denoting the presence of copper ; these reactions have been too frequently described to render it necessary to describe them here. After roasting, the assay communicates to borax, on platina wire, a slight evanescent green colour, which fades in cooling, but it does not dissolve in it.

8. In the nitric and muriatic acid its powder experiences a momentary notion, during which it parts with a film (sulphur s) which floats on the surface. No such action was noticed in sulphuric acid. In the nitro-muriatio monstrous a few gaseous bubbles were seen attaching themselves to the particles, but in none of these solvents was any free solution observed ; this may be owing to two causes, viz., the presence of sulphur shielding the action of the acid, and the emaciated state of the ponder not favouring it.

Taking all the foregoing characters into consideration, and making to the best of my ability reasonable allowance for discrepancies, there is no mineral whose character has been described by mineralogists with which the one just described so closely agrees as with sulphuric of tin. The most striking discrepancy is that of the powder (always an important character among metallic minerals), which in this instance is of a grey colour, and in that of the sulphuret of tin is black. Those characters also agree to a certain extent with those of sulphuret of zinc (the variety possessing metallic lustre), but the powder of sulphuret of zinc (exhales the order of sulphuretted hydrogen, when digested in the mineral acids, which the mineral I have just described does not do ; one point however is certain ; it is that the mineral in question contains sulphur, copper, and iron, and so does the sulphuret of the and the oxide of this metal, if I do not mistake, is represented by the dense greyish white, whom myola the, coating, on the charcoal, before described in giving the prognostic characters of this mineral.

Should I be correct in my opinion, that this mineral is the sulphuret of tin it is, I believe, the only instance it has been met with out of ancient Cornwall in which case it will form another strong link of comparison, or rather of resemblance, between the metallic productions of this colony and those of Old England - a resemblance which no true Briton will not hail with pleasure, miner or no miner. The sulphuret of tin in Cornwall does not occur in that abundance as to constitute it an ore of commercial interest ; but it is associated with the oxide of tin, which does and is and such is probably the case in this colony. Much of the specimen under examination is composed of this mineral. A. A. (To be continued.)

* 30 October 1849, Mineralogy, Sydney Morning Herald.

MINERALOGY.

Mineralogical description of a specimen - in continuation from the Morning Herald of the 16th instant.

Among the six distinct minerals which are noticed in this specimen, three of them possessing metallic lustre have been described. I shall, therefore, now proceed with the description of the other three, which, as before stated, have no metallic lustre ; but previously to doing so I wish to remark, that I think myself mistaken in the opinion I have advanced, that the last mineral described is sulphuret of tin, considering it, after a further examination, to be sulphuret of copper (grey copper), having, indeed, subsequently to my first examination, obtained a globule of malleable copper from it. The phenomena exhibited by the several varieties of grey copper when under the action of the blow-pipe, owing to the variableness of its constituency, are usually striking but uncertain, and this fact serves to throw some doubt on the inferences of the examiner, which he may draw from the pyrognostic character of this ore. The circumstance also that sulphuret of tin contains a large proportion of copper, served to mislead me. The minerals in this specimen without metallic lustre have been described, one as having a dark grey exterior; another, light green; and a third, yellowish white, sometimes reddish white. It does not, however, appear to be necessary to particularise them, further than to remark that the first seems to be a portion of greenstone, porphyrised by small rounded crystals of semi-transparent quartz, and which is probably the matrix of the ore. The second is green carbonate of copper, whose characters are too well known to require detail; and the third I do not readily recognise but it occurs (coating and disseminated) in too small a quantity to be of any importance. A box containing several specimens similar to the one the description of which I have now concluded, was received by Mr. Thomas Walker from Mr. Hamilton Hume, of Yass, who procured them on his land near Burrowa. They appear to be from a the ore traversing greenstone, which may lead to the main artery or lode, and probably does so. A.A.

1850

* 19 October 1850, Valuable Mineral Discovery, The Goulburn Herald. Purchase of the Walla Walla copper ore site.

VALUABLE MINERAL DISCOVERY.

We have the pleasure of announcing that there is every prospect of the Southern districts vieing with the great mineral colony of South Australia, in the extent and value of its copper deposits. Major Lockyer's mine is progressing most favorably, the miners, we understand, having succeeded in rasing a large quantity of grey ore, with every appearance of an inexhaustable supply immediately at hand. But our more particular object at the present time, is to draw public attention to a tract of land situate near the Pudman River, in the Burrowa district, twenty-five miles from Yass, which was purchased last week by Messrs. Abraham Moses, and Moses Joseph, of Sydney, on behalf of themselves and a select company. This land has been proved to contain a deposit of the richest copper ore ever found in New South Wales, and equal in value, and apparently in extent, to the famed Burra Burra of our Southern neighbours. About two tons, as a specimen, are now on their way to Sydney, and we have been assured that active measures will immediately be taken to bring this new and valuable article of export into the market. A grass captain with a number of hands are already on the ground, and the strength of the corps will in the course of a week be increased to forty men. We have been shown some specimens of the ore : they consist of blue carbonate and green malachite, and were taken from about five feet below the surface of the earth. The country around is described as nearly level, so that there will be no difficulty, nor much expense, in bringing the ore to market. The mine has been christened Wallah Wallah, the native name of the locality. There was much competition at the time of the sale, the second thirty acres being run up to £11 per acre, at which price it was knocked down to the gentlemen mentioned.

- The rush begins

1851

* 1851 - Gold discovered at Tuena, northeast of Frogmore.

1852

* June, 1852 - small amounts of gold found near the Anns Vale property and Pudman Creek.

1854

* 11 August 1854 - report on discovery of gold by Frances Sanderson at Illalong Creek, Demondrille, near Binalong.

1859

* August 1859 - Copper, silver and lead found in the vicinity of Anns Vale, on the Campbell and Rossiter properties.

1860

* June 1860 - Gold discovered at Lambing Flat (Young). Miners and Chinese travel from Tuena through Boorowa to this site.

* c.1860 - Frogmore Copper Mines begins on a small basis.

1866

* 1866 - small amount of gold found on the Boorowa River.

1867

* 1867 - a small amount of gold found on Blackney Creek.

1869

* February 1869 - a quartz reef is found at Goba Creek, but this failed to produce.

1870

* 1870 - mining comments at Frogmore, including by John Sheedy at the Frogmore Estate.

* March 1870 - copper, silver and lead mined at Anns Vale.

1872

* 1872 - copper mania breaks out in the region, including in the vicinity of Rye Park and Frogmore. H. Wilson is said to have been the first to discover copper at the nearby Walla Walla Mines.

* 1872 - Frogmore Copper Mines formed.

* July 1872 - Southern Copper Mines formed. Folds by 1875.

* August 1872 - The Burrowa Copper, Silver and Slate Mining Company prospectus with a capital of £60,000, with 162 acres at Frogmore.

* 1872 - Kangaroo Reef copper mine near Binalong.

* 1872 - Copper mine on the Castlesteads property, which operated intermittently through to 1907.

* c.1872 - Yando Copper Mines, Boorowa.

* c.1872 - Southern Mining Co., near Boorowa.

* c.1872 - Australia Mining Co., near Boorowa, with 200 acre lease.

* c.1872 - Walla Walla Copper Mine Joint Stock Company, on 60 acres of land at Bidgemuninga on Pudman Creek, with 200 mineral leases. It also mined silver.

1873

* March 1873 - Mr Morgan of Castlesteads property finds gold at Langs Creek. Some 850 people eventually attend the site.

1874

* 1874 - Frogmore Copper Mines leased for 14 years to the Deer Brothers.

* December 1874 - Australian Copper Mines at Frogmore fails.

1875

* 1875 - Frogmore village develops, with opening of a school.

* August 1875 - Glanavon Copper Mine sinks shaft through green and blue carbonates.

1877

* 1877 - Frogmore Copper Mines wages bill £15,000.

1879

* 1879 - consignments of Frogmore Copper Mines ore were passing through Boorowa to the Binalong railway station for shipment to Newcastle, Clyde and Wollongong smelters.

1881

* January 1881 - Everton mines produce silver and gold.

1884

* February 1884 - Michael Bourke dies at the Frogmore Copper Mine due to an earthfall.

1888

* 1888 - Mr Clifton opens silver and gold mine at Rye Park.

* 1888 - Mount Merton mine produces cobalt and copper near Rye Park.

1889

* January 1889 - Everton produces 11 1/2 oz of silver per ton of ore.

1890

* January 1890 - The Great Walla Walla Silver Mine company is formed.

1891

* April 1891 - Frogmore Copper Mines leased for 3 years to Tom and James Channon.

1893

* January 1893 - M.O. Middleton purchases The Great Walla Walla Silver Mine.

1896

* April 1896 - Isaac Mobbs finds gold at Frogmore, to the value of 10oz / ton of ore.

1898

* July 1898 - the Frogmore gold mine produces 3lbs of gold in 5 days of crushing.

1899

* 1899 - Copper first discovered at Kangiara.

1902

* 1902 - Copper mining begins at Kangiara. Locations included Mammoth Lode, White Flag, White Cliff, Clan McKenzie, Democrat, Old Kangiara and Triangle.

* c.1902 Pyrites Ltd., works at Kangiara.

1903

* August 1903 - The Great Walla Walla Silver Mine goes into insolvency.

1907

* 1907 - gold discovered by Mr Deacon at Mylora property.

* 1907 - Kangiara Proprietary Mining Company operates through to 1914.

1908

* September 1908 - a syndicate from Boorowa works a gold mine at Cullinga.

1909

* 1909 - Kangiara Big Mine employs 80 people.

* c.1909 - Kangiara South Mine produces copper, lead, zine, silver and gold.

1910

* 1910 - 500 people working on the Kangiara fields.

1911

* April 1911 - the office of the Cullinga Gold Mining Co. is moved from Sydney to Pudman Street, Boorowa.

* May 1911 - two men die in an explosion at the Kangiara mine.

* 1911 - Wolfram mine at Numby, Reids Flat, established.

1912

* December 1912 - James Edward Story dies in a Kangiara mine accident.

* 1912 - A second company begins gold mining at Cullinga. Declared insolvent in April 1922.

1913

* mid 1913 - Kangiara mines close down due to war.

1914

* 1914 - Pyrites Ltd. operates Kangiara mine through to 1918.

1916

* 1916 - Kangiara mines reopen.

1917

* 1917 - Lonsdale Paterson dies when he falls down an old mine shaft at Rye Park.

1922

* April 1922 - gold mining company at Cullinga declared insolvent.

1923

* May 1923 - Xmas Gift Mine at Cullinga reports 55ozs of gold taken.

* January 1923 - Diamonds and rubies found in the Lachlan River near Wyangala. Sapphires also found along with gold.

1924

* 1924 - the 450 acre Frogmore Copper Mines site was sold by James Channon.

1925

* mid 1925 - Company formed to mine diamonds and gold at Lost River, Wheeo.

1926

* March 1926 - Bismuth discovered and mined at Illyria.

* October 1926 - Tungstan and Wolfram found and mined at Rye Park.

* 1926 - Concentrating plant erect at Kangiara mine.

1927

* 1927 - Mount Charlsted tungsten mine near Frogmore operated by C. Taylor, also produced wolfram, scheelite and bismuth by-products.

1929

* March 1929 - gold found at Breakfast Creek on Jack Fagan's Island, with 11oz / ton of ore.

1930

* 29 September 1930, The hunt for gold - Prospects about Burrowa, Yass Tribune-Courier.

1931

* 1931 - during the Depression people set out from Sydney to mine on the Abercrombie River and Lachlan River. They worked there for at least 2 years.

* c.1931 - Mr Rolf and party since a shaft at Goba Creek for gold and silver.

1932

* April 1932 - gold produced at Mylora property.

* 1932 - Tin discovered at Kiowarrahrp, near Rye Park.

1934

* NSW government offers a reward of £25,000 for the discovery of gold.

* September 1934 - 50 applications to mine gold at Mylora.

1935

* October 1935 - 309 acres pegged out for mining gold at Mylora.

* October 1935 - NSW government advances £25,000 to Mount Charlsted mine, Frogmore.

1936

* April 1936 - Mount Charlsted mine, Frogmore, fails.

1937

* August 1937 - Wolfram mine at Numby, Reids Flat, reopens as Markes Wolfram Ltd. 

1938

* January 1938 - Bert Sedgman dies at the Phoenix Wolfram Mines Ltd., near Frogmore.

1940

* 1940 - Tin discovered at Bevendale.

1943

* April 1943 - Wolfram mine at Numby, Reids Flat closes.

1946

* February 1946 - Phoenix Wolfram Mines Ltd. fails.

1951

* 1951 - Frogmore Scheelite Ltd. opens on a previously mined site near Frogmore, to also mine wolfram.

* 1951 - Rye Park operation reopens to mine scheelite. Called Rye Park Scheelite Ltd.

1952

* August 1952 - Wolfram mine at Numby, Reids Flat, reopens.

* 1952 - A.B. Berry's Silent Dale mine at Reids Flat operates.

* Scheelite No Liabilities mine operates at Rye Park and also mines Tin.

* 1952 - Lake George Mines operates at Kangiara Copper Mine through to 1958.

1955

* January 1955 - prospectus to search for oils and minerals at Boorowa is rejected due to recent reservation of all rights to the Crown.

1957

* April 1957 - Frogmore Scheelite Ltd. closes, as do operations at Rye Park.

1963

* Rye Park Scheelite New Zealand purchases Tungsten Consolidated.

1965

* 1965 - William Petty mining at Frogmore.

1966

* 1966 - geophysical study of the district carried out by Commonwealth geologists.

1970

* April 1970 - Yassmine Minerals Exploration Pty Ltd pegs out the town of Boorowa.

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2. References

Ackerman, B.R., Geochemistry, Petrography and Genesis of the Frogmore Copper Deposit, New South /Wales, Honours thesis, University of Wollongong, 1999, 101p.

-----, Frogmore Copper Deposit, NSW, CRC LEME, 2003, 3p.

Carne, J.E., The Copper Mining Industry and the Distribution of Copper Ores in New South Wales, New South Wales Dept of Mines Geological Survey, 1908, p368.

Caruana, Lou, NSW region developing as a critical minerals hot spot, Australian Mining Monthly, 11 November 2024.

Johnston A.J., Pogson D.J., Thomas O.D., Watkins J.J. and Glen R.A., Boorowa 1:100 000 Geological Sheet 8629, 1st edition, Geological Survey of New South Wales, Maitland, 2013.

Keene, W., Geology of the Goulburn District, Goulburn Herald, 2 May 1860.

Lloyd, Helen V., Boorowa: Over 160 Years of White Settlement, Taveloam, Panania, 1990, 324p.

Longdin, Ruth, Thematic History of Boorowa, Hilltops Council, May 2015, 125p.

Mindat.org, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, 32 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Frogmore Copper Mine, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, 12 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Hovells Creek, Boorowa, New South Wales, Australia, mindat.org, n.d. Lists 31 sites in the Boorowa region.

-----, Pride of Frogmore, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, 0 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Phoenix deposit, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, Deposit - 29 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Western vein, Phoenix deposit, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, Vein - 1 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Phoenix North, Phoenix deposit, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, Vein - 1 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Phoenix East, Phoenix deposit, Frogmore, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, Vein - 0 mineral species & varietal names listed, mindat.org, n.d.

-----, Kangiara Copper Mine, King Co., New South Wales, Australia, mindat.org, n.d.

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Geology: Boorowa minerals | Bulli coal mine | Cunningham Creek fossils | F. von Hochstetter | Historical publications | Lake Macquarie | McMahon's Reef Goldfield | Oil shale | P.E. Strzelecki | W.B. Clarke | Yass |

Last updated: 7 August 2026

Michael Organ, Australia